Terror on Your Timeline: Criminalizing Terrorist Incitement on Social Media Through Doctrinal Shift

The United States faces a barrage of threats from terrorist organizations on a daily basis. The government takes some steps to prevent these threats from coming to fruition, but not much is being done proactively. Any person can log into a social media account to preach hate and incite violence against the United States and its citizenry, and sometimes these words result in action. When speakers are not held accountable, they can continue to incite the masses to violent action across the United States. This Note proposes a new incitement doctrine to prevent these speakers from being able to spread their violent message on the internet, which might very well decrease the threats the United States faces and the number of tragedies it often experiences

Transcriptional down-regulation of ccr5 in a subset of HIV+ controllers and their family members.

HIV +Elite and Viremic controllers (EC/VCs) are able to control virus infection, perhaps because of host genetic determinants. We identified 16% (21 of 131) EC/VCs with CD4 +T cells with resistance specific to R5-tropic HIV, reversed after introduction of ccr5. R5 resistance was not observed in macrophages and depended upon the method of T cell activation. CD4 +T cells of these EC/VCs had lower ccr2 and ccr5 RNA levels, reduced CCR2 and CCR5 cell-surface expression, and decreased levels of secreted chemokines. T cells had no changes in chemokine receptor mRNA half-life but instead had lower levels of active transcription of ccr2 and ccr5, despite having more accessible chromatin by ATAC-seq. Other nearby genes were also down-regulated, over a region of ~500 kb on chromosome 3p21. This same R5 resistance phenotype was observed in family members of an index VC, also associated with ccr2/ccr5 down-regulation, suggesting that the phenotype is heritable

Diatoms as proxies for environmental change : a paleolimnological investigation of a Shallow Iron Outcrop Lake (Lagoa dos Coutos, Serra do Gandarela, MG).

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais. Departamento de Biodiversidade, Evolução e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto.Os sedimentos lacustres fornecem registros de condições físicas, químicas e biológicas passadas dos lagos e seus ambientes circundantes. Muitos estudos paleolimnológicos utilizam diatomáceas como objetos de investigação devido à sua sensibilidade a condições limnológicas e por possuírem uma parede celular de sílica que permanecem bem preservadas ao longo do tempo. No entanto, o conhecimento autoecológico das espécies é requisito fundamental para o sucesso completo das investigações. Embora estudos sobre diatomáceas no Brasil remontem ao século XIX, os mais recentes estão concentrado nos estados da região Sul e de São Paulo. A geoquímica de sedimentos de lagos, assim como as diatomáceas, também podem fornecer informações sobre mudanças passadas, no entanto, é importante ressaltar que estes podem sofrer mudanças pós-deposicionais. Uma maneira de entender melhor a geoquímica de sedimentos é usar procedimentos de extração padrão (PEPs). Para estudar as diatomáceas, as alterações limnológicas passadas e a geoquímica de um lago temporário raso (Lagoa dos Coutos) foram coletados dois testemunhos de 10 cm de comprimento das zonas central e litorânea, os quais foram divididos em intervalos de 1 cm. A partir daí, os sedimentos foram processados e analisados a cada centímetro para identificação das diatomáceas, mudanças na assemblia de espécies de diatomáceas, pH, nitrogênio, matéria orgânica e idade de radiocarbono. Também realizou-se um BCR® PEP harmonizado de 3 passos e uma digestão total no seu resíduo, tendo sido analisadas as concentrações de numerosos elementos utilizando-se um ICP-OES. Foram identificadas 22 espécies de diatomáceas, 4 como novos registros para Minas Gerais, 1 como um novo registro para o Brasil, 5 como cf. e, para 3 espécies não foram encontrados correspondentes semelhantes na literatura. A análise das diatomáceas nos sedimentos desta lagoa só foi possível para o testemunho do litoral, embora tenham sido observadas mudanças, a falta de conhecimento autoecológico impossibilitou interpretações significativas. Com base no limitado conhecimento autoecológico das diatomáceas encontradas, sugere-se que o lago permaneceu oligotrófico e ácido desde pelo menos 7550 anos cal AP. O padrão de fracionamento geoquímico entre os pontos mostrou que uma maior parte da concentração elementar total foi encontrada na fração residual do testemunho central em relação ao testemunho do litoral. Com algumas exceções, o core central também apresentou concentrações mais altas de quase todos os elementos analisados em comparação com o core do litoral. A dissolução de sílica no ponto central foi observada em diatomáceas e em análises mineralógicas.Lacustrine sediments provide records of past physical, chemical and biological conditions of lakes and their surrounding environments. Many paleolimnological studies use diatoms due to their sensitivity to limnological conditions and well preserved silica cell walls. However, complete autoecological knowledge of individual species is needed to be completely successful. Though studies on diatoms in Brazil go back to the 19th century, most recent studies have been focused on the Southern states and São Paulo. Geochemistry of lake sediments, like diatoms, can provide insights into past changes but can suffer post-depositional changes. A way to better understand sediment geochemistry is to use standard extraction procedures (SEPs). In order to study diatoms, past limnological changes and the geochemistry of a shallow temporary lake (Coutos Lake) we collected two 10 cm long cores from the central and littoral zones, which were divided into 1 cm intervals. Thereafter we processed the sediment and analyzed each cm for new diatom species, changes in diatom community assemblage, pH, nitrogen, organic matter and radiocarbon ages. We also preformed a harmonized 3-step BCR® SEP and a total digestion on its residue which was analyzed for numerous elements’ concentrations using an ICP-OES. We taxonomically described 22 species, 4 as new records for Minas Gerais, 1 as a new record for Brazil, 5 as cf. and for 3, no similar species were encountered in the literature. Downcore diatom analysis in lake sediments was only possible for the littoral core and although changes were observed, lack of autoecological understanding prohibited meaningful interpretation. Based on limited autoecological knowledge of diatoms found, the lake has remained oligotrophic and acidic since at least ca. 7550 cal years BP. The geochemical fractionation pattern between the points showed that a larger part of total elemental concentration was found in the residual fraction of the central core compared to the littoral core. With a few exceptions, the center core also had higher concentrations of almost all elements compared to the littoral core. Silica dissolution in the central point was observed in both diatom and mineralogical analysis

Significant changes in water pCO2 caused by turbulence from waterfalls.

tInland waters are sites of intense carbon processing, stocking and transport. We examined the influenceof waterfall-turbulence on CO2partial pressures (pCO2) before and after waterfalls in a tropical river.The results indicated a 51.4% decrease of pCO2from up (1375 ? 320 ppm) to downriver (655 ? 58 ppm),suggesting an unaccounted degassing promoted by waterfall-turbulence. This process needs to be betterunderstood in order to more accurately determine the role of freshwater environments in the globalcarbon balance

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health